Depmap Melanoma Limma DE Gene Comparions (version 2)

Introduction

The report describes a limma analysis of melanoma samples from Depmap TPM bulk RNAseq gene expression data, and creates lists of DE genes between the average gene expression in primary tumor samples versus average gene expression in various metastatic organs (e.g. lung, liver, central nervous system, etc.).

Background

Questions that we would like to answer with the Depmap RNAseq data:

1. What is the difference between cell lines with tropism in liver versus lungs?
2. Which are the top genes in each metastatic-colonized organ, based on the cell line status?
3. Find genes unique in metastatic cell lines (for each metastatic organ) versus primary tumor cell lines?
4. Can we identify gene regulatory networks specific for each organ and across organs? (to do later, in a following report)

NOTE: This report version uses “raw” gene counts and not TPM counts!

Data Preparation

We have pre-downloaded and semi-processed the Depmap melanoma metadata and TPM count matrix, which we load here below:

# read_excel("./data/Supplementary Table 03 MetMap cell line annotation.xlsx") %>% 
#   dplyr::filter(cancer_type == "melanoma") %>%
#   dplyr::arrange(depmap_id) %>%
#   as.data.frame() -> MetMap_melanoma_metadata

## latest metadata
readRDS(file = "./data/new_depmap_melanoma_metadata.rds") %>%
  # dplyr::filter(depmap_id %in% MetMap_melanoma_metadata$depmap_id) %>% 
  dplyr::mutate(across(primary_or_metastasis, ~ ifelse(is.na(.), "Unknown", .)),
                met_site_group = factor(
                  gsub(" ", "_",
                       ifelse(primary_or_metastasis == "Primary",
                              "primary", tolower(sample_collection_site))))) %>%
  tibble::column_to_rownames(var = "depmap_id") %>%
  as.data.frame() -> meta_data
# dim(meta_data)

## latest counts
readRDS(file = "./data/new_depmap_melanoma_counts.rds") %>%
  # dplyr::select(MetMap_melanoma_metadata$depmap_id) %>% 
  as.data.frame() -> cts
# dim(cts)

## save the converted metadata table ( for Takis)
# meta_data %>% 
#   tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "depmap_id") %>%
#   writexl::write_xlsx(path = "./data/depmap_melanoma_metadata_clean.xlsx")

meta_data %>% 
  DT::datatable()

Table breaking down sample organ distribution:

table(meta_data$met_site_group)
#> 
#>                            ascites             central_nervous_system 
#>                                  2                                  3 
#> haematopoietic_and_lymphoid_tissue                          left_heel 
#>                                  1                                  1 
#>                              liver                               lung 
#>                                  2                                  3 
#>                         lymph_node                   pleural_effusion 
#>                                 35                                  2 
#>                            primary                          sinonasal 
#>                                 41                                  1 
#>                               skin                    small_intestine 
#>                                 32                                  2 
#>                               uvea 
#>                                  1

Preliminary Visualizations

Donut Plot

Visualization of number of metastatic samples by organ sample site:

# Summarize counts
meta_data %>%
  dplyr::filter(primary_or_metastasis == "Metastatic") %>%
  dplyr::count(sample_collection_site) %>%
  dplyr::arrange(desc(sample_collection_site)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(prop = n / sum(n) * 100,
                ypos = cumsum(prop) - 0.5 * prop) %>%
  as.data.frame() -> df_counts

# Create donut plot
df_counts %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = 2, y = prop, fill = sample_collection_site)) +
    geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 1, color = "black") +
    coord_polar(theta = "y") +
    xlim(0.5, 2.5) +
    theme_void() +
    geom_text_repel(aes(x = 2.5, y = ypos, label = paste0(
      sample_collection_site, "\n", round(prop, 1), "%")), color = "black", size = 4) +
    ggtitle("Distribution of Sample Collection Sites (Metastatic Samples Only)") +
    theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
          legend.position = "none")

Bar Plot

Visualization of number of metastatic samples by organ sample site:

meta_data %>%
  dplyr::filter(primary_or_metastasis == "Metastatic") %>%
  dplyr::count(sample_collection_site) %>%
  as.data.frame() -> metadata_summary

# Create bar plot
metadata_summary %>%
ggplot(aes(x = sample_collection_site, y = n, fill = sample_collection_site)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  labs(
    title = "Distribution of Sample Collection Sites (Metastatic Samples Only)",
    x = "Sample Type", y = "Count") +
  theme_classic() +
  theme(legend.position = "none") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust=1))

PCA

# Step 1: Filter out lowly expressed genes
# keep <- rowSums(cpm(cts) > 1) >= 5
# cts_filtered <- cts[keep, ]
min_samples <- ceiling(0.2 * nrow(meta_data))  # about 25 samples
keep <- rowSums(cpm(cts) > 1) >= min_samples
cts_filtered <- cts[keep, ]

# Step 2: TMM normalization and log transformation
dge <- DGEList(counts = cts_filtered)
dge <- calcNormFactors(dge)
logCPM <- cpm(dge, log = TRUE)

# Step 3: PCA
pca <- prcomp(t(logCPM), scale. = TRUE)  # transpose to make samples rows

# Step 4: Build data frame for ggplot
pca_df <- as.data.frame(pca$x)  # principal components
pca_df$sample <- colnames(cts_filtered)

# Step 5: Plot the PCA
pca_df %>% 
  tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "depmap_id") %>%
  left_join(meta_data %>% tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "depmap_id"), by = "depmap_id") %>% 
  # as.data.frame() -> a1
  ggplot(aes(x = PC1, y = PC2, color = met_site_group, label = depmap_id)) +
    geom_point(size = 2) +
    geom_text(size = 2, vjust = -1) +
    theme_minimal() +
    labs(title = "PCA of logCPM-normalized expression",
         x = paste0("PC1 (", round(summary(pca)$importance[2, 1] * 100, 1), "% variance)"),
         y = paste0("PC2 (", round(summary(pca)$importance[2, 2] * 100, 1), "% variance)")) +
    theme(legend.position = "right")

Limma Expression Analysis

NOTE: “primary tumor” samples are the “normative” condition meaning that all genes with positive LFC are highter in this condition and genes with negative LFC are higher in the experimental conditions (e.g. lung).

Create the design matrix

## Step 1: filter out genes with all-zero counts
# cts_filtered <- cts[rowSums(cts) > 0, ]
# keep <- rowSums(cpm(cts) > 1) >= 5
min_samples <- ceiling(0.2 * nrow(meta_data))  # about 25 samples
keep <- rowSums(cpm(cts) > 1) >= min_samples
cts_filtered <- cts[keep, ]
dim(cts_filtered)
#> [1] 15744   126

### Step 2: Create a DGEList object
dge <- DGEList(counts = cts_filtered)

# Optional: TMM normalization (especially if library sizes vary)
dge <- calcNormFactors(dge)

### Step 3: Create the design matrix
design <- model.matrix(~ 0 + met_site_group, data = meta_data)
colnames(design) <- levels(meta_data$met_site_group)

### Step 4: Create contrast matrix
contrast.matrix <- makeContrasts(
  skin_vs_primary = skin - primary,
  lung_vs_primary = lung - primary,
  liver_vs_primary = liver - primary,
  lymph_node_vs_primary = lymph_node - primary,
  pleural_effusion_vs_primary = pleural_effusion - primary,
  central_nervous_system_vs_primary = central_nervous_system - primary,
  ascites_vs_primary = ascites - primary,
  small_intestine_vs_primary = small_intestine - primary,
  levels = design)

Fit Model and Perform DEA

### Step 5: Apply voom transformation (with mean-variance trend plot)
v <- voom(dge, design, plot = TRUE)

### Step 6: Fit the model and apply contrasts
fit <- lmFit(v, design)
fit2 <- contrasts.fit(fit, contrast.matrix)
fit2 <- eBayes(fit2)

Annotate DE Results

We annotate the DE genes with Ensembl and Entrez IDs from Biomart.

getBM(attributes = c("ensembl_gene_id", "entrezgene_id", "external_gene_name"),
      mart = useDataset("hsapiens_gene_ensembl", useMart("ensembl"))) %>%
  dplyr::rename(ensembl_id = ensembl_gene_id,
                entrez_id = entrezgene_id,
                gene_name = external_gene_name) %>%
  dplyr::filter(stringr::str_length(gene_name) > 1,
                !duplicated(ensembl_id),
                !duplicated(gene_name)) %>%
  saveRDS(file = "./data/human_biomart.rds")

human_biomart <- readRDS(file = "./data/human_biomart.rds")

# Extract top differentially expressed genes
topTable(fit2, coef = "skin_vs_primary", adjust.method = "BH", number = nrow(cts_filtered)) %>%
  tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::left_join(human_biomart, by = "gene_name") %>%
  dplyr::select(gene_name, contains("id"), everything()) -> skin_de

topTable(fit2, coef = "lung_vs_primary", adjust.method = "BH", number = nrow(cts_filtered)) %>%
  tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::left_join(human_biomart, by = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::select(gene_name, contains("id"), everything()) -> lung_de

topTable(fit2, coef = "liver_vs_primary", adjust.method = "BH", number = nrow(cts_filtered)) %>%
  tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::left_join(human_biomart, by = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::select(gene_name, contains("id"), everything()) -> liver_de

topTable(fit2, coef = "lymph_node_vs_primary", adjust.method = "BH", number = nrow(cts_filtered)) %>%
  tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::left_join(human_biomart, by = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::select(gene_name, contains("id"), everything()) -> lymph_de

topTable(fit2, coef = "pleural_effusion_vs_primary", adjust.method = "BH", number = nrow(cts_filtered)) %>%
  tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::left_join(human_biomart, by = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::select(gene_name, contains("id"), everything()) -> pe_de

topTable(fit2, coef = "central_nervous_system_vs_primary", adjust.method = "BH", number = nrow(cts_filtered)) %>%
  tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::left_join(human_biomart, by = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::select(gene_name, contains("id"), everything()) -> cns_de

topTable(fit2, coef = "ascites_vs_primary", adjust.method = "BH", number = nrow(cts_filtered)) %>%
  tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::left_join(human_biomart, by = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::select(gene_name, contains("id"), everything()) -> ascite_de

topTable(fit2, coef = "small_intestine_vs_primary", adjust.method = "BH", number = nrow(cts_filtered)) %>%
  tibble::rownames_to_column(var = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::left_join(human_biomart, by = "gene_name") %>% 
  dplyr::select(gene_name, contains("id"), everything()) -> si_de

Results

A Volcano plot (log2 fold change vs -log10 p-value) helps identify genes that display large magnitude changes and high significance.

Primary Tumor vs Skin Metastases

limma::plotMA(fit2, coef = 1)

skin_de %>%
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(P.Value)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    negLogP = -log10(P.Value),
    sig = ifelse(adj.P.Val < 0.05 & abs(logFC) > 1,
                 "Significant", "Not Significant")) -> volcano_data
volcano_data %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = logFC, y = negLogP, color = sig)) +
  geom_point(size = 0.75, alpha = 0.75) +
  geom_text_repel(data = subset(volcano_data, sig == "Significant"),
                  aes(label = gene_name), size = 3, #max.overlaps = Inf,
                  box.padding = 0.3, point.padding = 0.3, segment.color = "grey50") +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Significant" = "red", "Not Significant" = "black")) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = -log10(0.05), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = c(-1, 1), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Volcano Plot ", gsub("_", " ", names(as.data.frame(contrast.matrix))[1])))

Primary Tumor vs Lung Metastases

limma::plotMA(fit2, coef = 2)

lung_de %>%
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(P.Value)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    negLogP = -log10(P.Value),
    sig = ifelse(adj.P.Val < 0.05 & abs(logFC) > 1,
                 "Significant", "Not Significant")) -> volcano_data
volcano_data %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = logFC, y = negLogP, color = sig)) +
  geom_point(size = 0.75, alpha = 0.75) +
  geom_text_repel(data = subset(volcano_data, sig == "Significant"),
                  aes(label = gene_name), size = 3, # max.overlaps = Inf,
                  box.padding = 0.3, point.padding = 0.3, segment.color = "grey50") +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Significant" = "red", "Not Significant" = "black")) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = -log10(0.05), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = c(-1, 1), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Volcano Plot ", gsub("_", " ", names(as.data.frame(contrast.matrix))[2])))

Primary Tumor vs Liver Metastases

limma::plotMA(fit2, coef = 3)

liver_de %>%
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(P.Value)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    negLogP = -log10(P.Value),
    sig = ifelse(adj.P.Val < 0.05 & abs(logFC) > 1,
                 "Significant", "Not Significant")) -> volcano_data
volcano_data %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = logFC, y = negLogP, color = sig)) +
  geom_point(size = 0.75, alpha = 0.75) +
  geom_text_repel(data = subset(volcano_data, sig == "Significant"),
                  aes(label = gene_name), size = 3, #max.overlaps = Inf,
                  box.padding = 0.3, point.padding = 0.3, segment.color = "grey50") +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Significant" = "red", "Not Significant" = "black")) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = -log10(0.05), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = c(-1, 1), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Volcano Plot ", gsub("_", " ", names(as.data.frame(contrast.matrix))[3])))

Primary Tumor vs Lymph Node Metastases

limma::plotMA(fit2, coef = 4)

lymph_de %>%
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(P.Value)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    negLogP = -log10(P.Value),
    sig = ifelse(adj.P.Val < 0.05 & abs(logFC) > 1,
                 "Significant", "Not Significant")) -> volcano_data
volcano_data %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = logFC, y = negLogP, color = sig)) +
  geom_point(size = 0.75, alpha = 0.75) +
  geom_text_repel(data = subset(volcano_data, sig == "Significant"),
                  aes(label = gene_name), size = 3, #max.overlaps = Inf,
                  box.padding = 0.3, point.padding = 0.3, segment.color = "grey50") +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Significant" = "red", "Not Significant" = "black")) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = -log10(0.05), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = c(-1, 1), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Volcano Plot ", gsub("_", " ", names(as.data.frame(contrast.matrix))[4])))

Primary Tumor vs Pleural Effusion Metastases

limma::plotMA(fit2, coef = 5)

pe_de %>%
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(P.Value)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    negLogP = -log10(P.Value),
    sig = ifelse(adj.P.Val < 0.05 & abs(logFC) > 1,
                 "Significant", "Not Significant")) -> volcano_data
volcano_data %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = logFC, y = negLogP, color = sig)) +
  geom_point(size = 0.75, alpha = 0.75) +
  geom_text_repel(data = subset(volcano_data, sig == "Significant"),
                  aes(label = gene_name), size = 3, #max.overlaps = Inf,
                  box.padding = 0.3, point.padding = 0.3, segment.color = "grey50") +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Significant" = "red", "Not Significant" = "black")) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = -log10(0.05), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = c(-1, 1), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Volcano Plot ", gsub("_", " ", names(as.data.frame(contrast.matrix))[5])))

Primary Tumor vs Central Nervus System Metastases

limma::plotMA(fit2, coef = 6)

cns_de %>%
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(P.Value)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    negLogP = -log10(P.Value),
    sig = ifelse(adj.P.Val < 0.05 & abs(logFC) > 1,
                 "Significant", "Not Significant")) -> volcano_data
volcano_data %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = logFC, y = negLogP, color = sig)) +
  geom_point(size = 0.75, alpha = 0.75) +
  geom_text_repel(data = subset(volcano_data, sig == "Significant"),
                  aes(label = gene_name), size = 3, #max.overlaps = Inf,
                  box.padding = 0.3, point.padding = 0.3, segment.color = "grey50") +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Significant" = "red", "Not Significant" = "black")) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = -log10(0.05), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = c(-1, 1), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Volcano Plot ", gsub("_", " ", names(as.data.frame(contrast.matrix))[6])))

Primary Tumor vs Ascite Metastases

limma::plotMA(fit2, coef = 7)

ascite_de %>%
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(P.Value)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    negLogP = -log10(P.Value),
    sig = ifelse(adj.P.Val < 0.05 & abs(logFC) > 1,
                 "Significant", "Not Significant")) -> volcano_data
volcano_data %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = logFC, y = negLogP, color = sig)) +
  geom_point(size = 0.75, alpha = 0.75) +
  geom_text_repel(data = subset(volcano_data, sig == "Significant"),
                  aes(label = gene_name), size = 3, #max.overlaps = Inf,
                  box.padding = 0.3, point.padding = 0.3, segment.color = "grey50") +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Significant" = "red", "Not Significant" = "black")) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = -log10(0.05), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = c(-1, 1), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Volcano Plot ", gsub("_", " ", names(as.data.frame(contrast.matrix))[7])))

Primary Tumor vs Small Intestine Metastases

limma::plotMA(fit2, coef = 8)

si_de %>%
  dplyr::filter(!is.na(P.Value)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    negLogP = -log10(P.Value),
    sig = ifelse(adj.P.Val < 0.05 & abs(logFC) > 1,
                 "Significant", "Not Significant")) -> volcano_data
volcano_data %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = logFC, y = negLogP, color = sig)) +
  geom_point(size = 0.75, alpha = 0.75) +
  geom_text_repel(data = subset(volcano_data, sig == "Significant"),
                  aes(label = gene_name), size = 3, #max.overlaps = Inf,
                  box.padding = 0.3, point.padding = 0.3, segment.color = "grey50") +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Significant" = "red", "Not Significant" = "black")) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = -log10(0.05), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_vline(xintercept = c(-1, 1), color = "blue", linetype = "dashed") +
  theme_bw() +
  ggtitle(paste0("Volcano Plot ", gsub("_", " ", names(as.data.frame(contrast.matrix))[8])))

Save Results

We save the results as a Excel spreadsheet with a different DE gene list on each Excel sheet, with each sheet named according to that DE comparison.

de_list <- list(
  skin_de, lung_de, liver_de, lymph_de, pe_de, cns_de, ascite_de, si_de)

names(de_list) <- c(
  "skin_vs_primary_degs", "lung_vs_primary_degs", "liver_vs_primary_degs",
  "lymph_node_vs_primary_degs", "pleural_effusion_vs_primary_degs",
  "cns_vs_primary_degs", "ascite_vs_primary_degs", "small_intestine_vs_primary_degs")

writexl::write_xlsx(x = de_list,
                    path = paste0("./data/", project_name, "_", Sys.Date(), ".xlsx"))

Session Info

sessionInfo()
#> R version 4.5.0 (2025-04-11)
#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
#> Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS
#> 
#> Matrix products: default
#> BLAS:   /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/blas/libblas.so.3.12.0 
#> LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lapack/liblapack.so.3.12.0  LAPACK version 3.12.0
#> 
#> locale:
#>  [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C              
#>  [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8        LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8    
#>  [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8   
#>  [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C                 
#>  [9] LC_ADDRESS=C               LC_TELEPHONE=C            
#> [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C       
#> 
#> time zone: Europe/Brussels
#> tzcode source: system (glibc)
#> 
#> attached base packages:
#> [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     
#> 
#> other attached packages:
#>  [1] DT_0.33            biomaRt_2.65.0     edgeR_4.7.2        limma_3.65.1      
#>  [5] writexl_1.5.4      readxl_1.4.5       readr_2.1.5        ggrepel_0.9.6.9999
#>  [9] ggplot2_3.5.2      tibble_3.2.1       tidyr_1.3.1        dplyr_1.1.4       
#> 
#> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
#>  [1] KEGGREST_1.49.0      gtable_0.3.6         httr2_1.1.2         
#>  [4] xfun_0.52            bslib_0.9.0          htmlwidgets_1.6.4   
#>  [7] Biobase_2.69.0       lattice_0.22-7       tzdb_0.5.0          
#> [10] crosstalk_1.2.1      vctrs_0.6.5          tools_4.5.0         
#> [13] generics_0.1.4       curl_6.2.3           stats4_4.5.0        
#> [16] AnnotationDbi_1.71.0 RSQLite_2.4.0        blob_1.2.4          
#> [19] pkgconfig_2.0.3      dbplyr_2.5.0         RColorBrewer_1.1-3  
#> [22] S4Vectors_0.47.0     lifecycle_1.0.4      stringr_1.5.1       
#> [25] compiler_4.5.0       farver_2.1.2         progress_1.2.3      
#> [28] Biostrings_2.77.1    statmod_1.5.0        GenomeInfoDb_1.45.4 
#> [31] htmltools_0.5.8.1    sass_0.4.10          yaml_2.3.10         
#> [34] pillar_1.10.2        crayon_1.5.3         jquerylib_0.1.4     
#> [37] cachem_1.1.0         tidyselect_1.2.1     locfit_1.5-9.12     
#> [40] digest_0.6.37        stringi_1.8.7        purrr_1.0.4         
#> [43] labeling_0.4.3       fastmap_1.2.0        grid_4.5.0          
#> [46] cli_3.6.5            magrittr_2.0.3       dichromat_2.0-0.1   
#> [49] withr_3.0.2          filelock_1.0.3       rappdirs_0.3.3      
#> [52] prettyunits_1.2.0    UCSC.utils_1.5.0     scales_1.4.0        
#> [55] bit64_4.6.0-1        rmarkdown_2.29       XVector_0.49.0      
#> [58] httr_1.4.7           bit_4.6.0            cellranger_1.1.0    
#> [61] png_0.1-8            hms_1.1.3            memoise_2.0.1       
#> [64] evaluate_1.0.3       knitr_1.50           IRanges_2.43.0      
#> [67] BiocFileCache_2.99.5 rlang_1.1.6          Rcpp_1.0.14         
#> [70] glue_1.8.0           DBI_1.2.3            xml2_1.3.8          
#> [73] BiocGenerics_0.55.0  rstudioapi_0.17.1    jsonlite_2.0.0      
#> [76] R6_2.6.1